A Development of Travel Time Equation for Overland Flow as Affected by Vegetation

In overland flow water research, travel time is a significant parameter used in estimating peak discharge in channels or rivers. Overland flow is assumed to be in turbulent condition to estimate travel time using Manning’s Velocity Equation (MVE). When the flow is in a laminar condition, Grismer’s Laminar Mean Velocity Equation (GLMVE) is applied but fails to consider the roughness parameter. A review of the literature shows numerous equations for overland travel time, but there is no known equation that determines the mean velocity of overland flow under laminar condition with a roughness coefficient or other coefficient related to the effect vegetation has on the flow. In this study, a new overland flow travel time equation was developed by assuming laminar flow and incorporating Chezy’s vegetation roughness coefficient (��). In this paper, relationships were established between GLMVE and �� and that relationship is used to develop a new travel time equation. The new equation was employed on theoretical models for bare soil, corn growing on the soil, and Bermuda grass growing on the soil. Standard design tables for Darcy’s vegetation roughness coefficient (��) and Chezy’s vegetation roughness coefficient (��) were developed for selected crops at different slopes and crop residues. Validation of the equation was performed by comparing the calculated results for travel time with published data

Design and Analysis of Centrally Suspended Cage-less Limited Slip Differential

Limited slip differential (LSD) plays an important role in maintaining speeds and in torque distribution between the wheels of the automobile even in case of variable traction. In the present project work, limited slip differential is considered and the objective of the project is to find out tangential, axial and radial forces involved in meshing of the differential gears theoretically. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is carried out on Final, Crown, Side and Ring gears made of 20MnCr5 material and running at a speed of 4000rpm and torque of 122N-m. From the analysis, it is found that the forces and stresses obtained are below the allowable stress of the material considered in designing gears of the differential. Maximum von-Mises stress is for Ring gear and Minimum for Side gears.

Human Movement Analysis: Ballistic Dynamics, and Edge Continuity for Pose Estimation

We present two contributions to human movement analysis: (a) a ballistic dynamical model for recognizing movements, and (b) a model for coupling edge continuity with contour matching. We describe a Bayesian approach for visual analysis of ballistic hand movements, namely reaches and strikes. These movements are most commonly used for interacting with objects and the environment. One of the key challenges to recognizing them is the variability of the target-location of the hand~- people can reach above their heads, for something on the floor, etc. Our approach recognizes them independent of the movement's target-location and direction by modelling the ballistic dynamics. A video sequence is automatically segmented into ballistic subsequences without tracking the hands. The segments are then classified into strike and reach movements based on low-level motion features. Each ballistic segment is further analyzed to compute qualitative labels for the movement's target-location and direction. Tests are presented with a set of reach and strike movement sequences. We present an approach for whole-body pose contour matching. Contour matching in natural images in the absence of foreground-background segmentation is difficult. Usually an asymmetric approach is adopted, where a contour is said to match well if it aligns with a subset of the image's gradients. This leads to problems as the contour can match with a portion of an object's outline and ignore the remainder. We present a model for using edge-continuity to address this issue. Pairs of edge elements in the image are linked with affinities if they are likely to belong to the same object. A contour that matches with a set of image gradients is constrained to also match with other gradients having high affinities with the chosen ones. A Markov Random Field framework is employed to couple edge continuity and contour matching into a joint optimization process. The approach is illustrated with applications to pose estimation and human detection

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SITAFLOXACIN IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: A simple, specific, and precise reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated as per the ICH guidelines for the determination of Sitafloxacin in bulk and tablet dosage forms.Methods: The quantitation was carried out by using Symmetry C18 ((5 µm, 100X4.6 mm) column at 300c with Water: Acetonitrile in ratio of 70:30 % V/V as mobile phase. The flow rate is 0.9 mL/min and the estimation was carried out by using PDA detector at 300 nm.Results: The retention time of Sitafloxacin was 2.198 minutes. The linearity was observed from 5-25 μg/mL with correlation coefficient 0.9999. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.429μg/mL and 1.415μg/mL respectively.Conclusion: The Statistics data for the Sitafloxacin was concluded that the method was found to be simple, reliable, selective, reproducible and accurate. The method was successfully used for quality control analysis of Sitafloxacin in bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage forms.Â

Managing contamination delay to improve Timing Speculation architectures

Timing Speculation (TS) is a widely known method for realizing better-than-worst-case systems. Aggressive clocking, realizable by TS, enable systems to operate beyond specified safe frequency limits to effectively exploit the data dependent circuit delay. However, the range of aggressive clocking for performance enhancement under TS is restricted by short paths. In this paper, we show that increasing the lengths of short paths of the circuit increases the effectiveness of TS, leading to performance improvement. Also, we propose an algorithm to efficiently add delay buffers to selected short paths while keeping down the area penalty. We present our algorithm results for ISCAS-85 suite and show that it is possible to increase the circuit contamination delay by up to 30% without affecting the propagation delay. We also explore the possibility of increasing short path delays further by relaxing the constraint on propagation delay and analyze the performance impact

Iodine nutrition and its assessment during pregnancy: a need for concern

Micro nutrient iodine was essential in biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (TH). These hormones play a vital role in the growth and development of human beings at various stages of life. TH are required for normal brain development at embryonic, fetal and at past natal stages. If deficiency of iodine occurs then thyroid hormone production was impaired, if deficiency of TH occurs it can cause irreversible damage of brain which leads to various disorders like metal retarded ness, cretinism and goiter known as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). When compared to normal adults, pregnant women and school children 5-12 years age are more vulnerable IDD. Due to the physiological variations during pregnancy iodine requirements rose significantly from 150 µg/day in non-pregnant adult women to 250 μg/day. However recent iodine nutrition studies showed adequate iodine status but few countries like Sweden and South Africa showed iodine deficiency. This review gives an over view on iodine nutrition on global front

On Bayesian estimation of spatial and dynamic count models using data augmentation techniques : application to road safety management

textOver the past several years, roadway safety management has evolved into data-driven or evidence-based science. The corner stone of a data-driven roadway safety management is the knowledge about useful patterns in the complex crash data. Crash data is often difficult to model with several confounding factors and discrete target variables such as crash counts or crash severity. The major goal of this dissertation was to contribute to the methodological realm of roadway safety management. The research objectives are in two folds: 1) to develop state-of-the-art model specifications for modeling crash data, and 2) to develop a probabilistic model-based site ranking framework. This research addresses methodological issues in crash frequency modeling such as unobserved heterogeneity, spatial correlation, and temporal patterns. Two novel specifications were developed to address these methodological issues: 1) negative binomial spatial with random parameters (NBSRP) modeled as multi-variate normal finite mixture distribution; 2) negative binomial spatial model with dynamic parameters (NBSDP). The NBSRP with finite-mixture specification allows for identifying the underlying sub-groups of road segments, and for skewness and multi-modality in the underlying random parameter distribution. The NBSDP specification employs dynamic linear model (DLM) formulation of the discrete negative binomial count model by exploiting recently developed polya-gamma data-augmentation techniques. NBSDP model facilitates to investigate the evolution of the model parameters over the time and to make safety predictions for a future year. Both NBSRP and NBSDP models simultaneously accounts for potential spatial correlation of crash counts from neighboring road segments. Bayesian methods have been widely used for model building and recently gaining further popularity due to the availability of efficient algorithmic techniques for the parameter estimation. Computationally efficient Bayesian estimation frameworks that leverage recent advances in data augmentation techniques were developed in this research to estimate the proposed count specifications. Bayesian estimation methods also facilitate statistical inference on site ranks, thereby allowing for probabilistic ranking. A computationally efficient site ranking framework was developed incorporating the recent probabilistic ranking techniques towards the end of this dissertation. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates the feasibility of designing Bayesian modeling frameworks for probabilistic roadway safety management, which facilitate online learning. The research ideas presented in this dissertation may be extended to bigger networks to test the feasibility of developing a safety management framework that automatically learns from the latest crash data sources over the time.Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineerin

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A STABILITY INDICATING REVERSE PHASEHIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CLINDAMYCIN, METRONIDAZOLE, AND CLOTRIMAZOLE IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMBINED DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The objective of present work was to develop and validate a simple, fast, precise, selective, and accurate reverse phase high-performanceliquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of Clindamycine, Metronidazole and Clotrimazole in a pharmaceutical dosage form.Methods: The separation of these three drugs was achieved on ODS 250×4.6 mm, 5 mm C18 column. Mobile phase containing 0.1% ortho phosphoricacid buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45 v/v was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/minute. Temperature was maintained at 30°Cand ultraviolet detection at 238 nm.Results: The retention times were observed to be 2.591, 3.584, and 4.221 minutes for Clindamycine, Metronidazole, and Clotrimazole, respectively.Linearity was found to be 25-150 μg/ml Clindamycine, Metronidazole, and Clotrimazole, respectively. The method was statistically validated forlinearity, recovery, the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision. The stress testing of the drugs individually andtheir mixture are carried out under acidic, alkaline, oxidation, photostability, and thermal degradation conditions and its degradation products arewell resolved from the analyte peaks.Conclusion: This method was successfully validated for accuracy, precision, and linearity, LOD, and LOQ.Keywords: Clindamycine, Metronidazole, Clotrimazole, Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography, Simultaneous determination,Degradation studies